Mainland China

Mainland China
Traditional Chinese 中國大陸
Simplified Chinese 中国大陆
Literal meaning China Continent
alternative Chinese name
Chinese 内地
Literal meaning Inland
The highlighted orange area in the map is what is commonly known as "Mainland China".

Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Asian mainland. This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.[1]

There are two terms in Chinese for "mainland". Namely, Dalu (simplified Chinese: 大陆; traditional Chinese: 大陸), which means continent, and Neidi (Chinese: 内地), literally inner land. In the PRC, the usage of the two terms are generally interchangeable and there is no prescribed method of reference in any jurisdiction. To emphasize "equal footing" in cross-strait relations, the term is used in official contexts with reference to Taiwan, with the PRC referring to itself as "the mainland side" (as opposed to "the Taiwan side"). But in its relations with Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".

In Taiwan, the term "mainland China" is often used to refer to the PRC (Hong Kong and Macau excluded), especially by the Kuomintang (KMT, "Chinese Nationalist Party") and its supporters, who share the view that China encompasses both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Since the KMT was the long-time ruling party in Taiwan, the term is in mainstream use in Taiwan and often has no political implications. In contrast, supporters of Taiwan independence will refer to the PRC as "China", intending Taiwan to represent a separate place or political entity and avoid the term mainland China because it implies that Taiwan is part of China. "Neidi" is not commonly used in Taiwan.

Contents

Background

By 1949, the Communist Party of China's People's Liberation Army had largely defeated the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army in the fight on the Chinese mainland. This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the Government and institutions of the Republic of China to the relative safety of Taiwan, an island which was ceded to China after the surrender of the Japanese in 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1 1949, the CPC-controlled Government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China[2], competing with the claims of the Republic of China, whose authority is now limited to Taiwan and other islands. This has resulted in a situation in which two co-existing governments compete for international legitimacy and recognition as the "Government of China".

The term "mainland China" emerged as a politically neutral term to refer to the area under control of the Communist Party of China, and later to the administration of the PRC itself. Until the late 1970s, both the PRC and ROC envisioned a military takeover of the other. During this time the ROC referred to the PRC government as "Communist Bandits" (共匪) while the PRC referred to the ROC as "Chiang Bandits" (蔣匪). Later, as a military solution became less feasible, the ROC referred to the PRC as "Communist China" (中共). With the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, the term mainland China soon grew to mean not only the area under the control of the Communist Party of China, but also a more neutral means to refer to the People's Republic of China government; this usage remains prevalent by the KMT today.

Due to their statuses as colonies of foreign states during the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the term "mainland China" excludes Hong Kong and Macau.[3] Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 and 1999, respectively, the two territories have retained their legal, political, and economic systems. The territories also have their distinct identities. Therefore "mainland China" generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the "One country, two systems" policy adopted by the PRC central government towards the regions.[4] The term is also used in economic indicators, such as the IMD Competitiveness Report.

Outside of East Asia, "mainland China" is almost only used as a geographical term and does not carry any political implications. It is used when the distinction between the special administrative regions and the mainland needs to be made. "China" is also used to refer to mainland China (as well as to the People's Republic of China as a whole).

Usage of the term

The term is usually capitalized mainland China (or the mainland).

In Taiwan

In Taiwan, the term "Mainlander" can also refer to waishengren (Chinese: 外省人; pinyin: wàishěngrén; literally "external province person(s)"), which are the people who immigrated to Taiwan from mainland China with the Kuomintang (KMT) around the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, as well as their descendants born in Taiwan. The status of waishengren in Taiwan is a divisive political issue. For many years mainlanders were given special treatment by the KMT government which had imposed martial law on Taiwan. More recently, pro-Taiwan independence politicians calling into question their loyalty and devotion to Taiwan and pro-Chinese reunification politicians accusing the pro-independence politicians of playing identity politics.[5] The term "Mainlander" can also refer to daluren (simplified Chinese: 大陆人; traditional Chinese: 大陸人; pinyin: dàlùrén; literally "mainland person(s)"), meaning people who live in mainland China.

In Hong Kong and Macau

In Hong Kong and Macau, the term "mainland China" and "mainlander" is frequently used for people from China mainland. This usage is not geographically accurate, however, as much of the land area of both Hong Kong and Macau are peninsulas connected to the continent. The Chinese term 內地, meaning the inland but still translated mainland in English, is commonly applied by SAR governments to represent non-SAR areas of PRC, including Hainan and coastal regions of mainland China, such as "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs" (政制及內地事務局)[6] and Immigration Departments.[7]

In mainland China

In the PRC, the term 內地 ("Inland") is often separated by the external term (國外) or (外國) for things outside of the mainland region. Examples include "Administration of Foreign-funded Banks" (中華人民共和國外資銀行管理條例) or the "Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions" (外國保險機構駐華代表機構管理辦法).[4]

In Hainan

Hainan is an offshore island, therefore geographically not part of the continental mainland. Nevertheless, politically it is common practice to consider it part of the mainland because its government, legal and political systems do not differ from the rest of People's Republic of China in the geographical mainland. Hainanese people routinely refer Hainan as China, and consider themselves mainlanders.

In Tibet

Tibetans often refer to the Han Chinese regions of China as 內地 or 大陆 when speaking Chinese. These vocabulary choices are viewed as more politically correct than the terminology commonly used in the Tibetan language to distinguish between ethnic Tibetan regions (བོད་) and China (རྒྱ་ནག་).

Others

Other use of geography-related terms are also often used where neutrality is required.

Simplified
Chinese		 Traditional
Chinese		 Pinyin Jyutping Description
两岸关系 兩岸關係 liǎng'àn guānxì loeng5 ngon6 gwaan1 hai6 Reference to the Taiwan Strait (Cross-Strait relations, literally "relations between the two sides/shores [of the Strait of Taiwan]")
海峡两岸 海峽兩岸 Hǎixiá liǎng'àn hoi2 haap6 loeng5 ngon6 The physical shores on both sides of the straits, may be translated as "two shores".
两岸三地 兩岸三地 liǎng'àn sāndì loeng5 ngon6 saam1 dei6 An extension of this is the term "two shores, three places", with "three places" meaning mainland China (大陸/大陆), Taiwan (臺灣/台湾) and Hong Kong/Macau (港澳/港澳).
两岸四地 兩岸四地 liǎng'àn sìdì loeng5 ngon6 sei3 dei6 When referring to either Hong Kong or Macau, or "two shores, four places" when referring to both Hong Kong (香港) and Macau (澳門/澳门)

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=eq119vbyzLAC&pg=PA47
  2. ↑ Jeshurun, Chandran. [1993] (1993). China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9813016612. pg 146.
  3. ↑ So, Alvin Y. Lin, Nan. Poston, Dudley L. Contributor Professor, So, Alvin Y. [2001] (2001). The Chinese Triangle of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0313308691.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 LegCo. "Legislative council HK." Mainland Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Bill. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  5. ↑ Apdrc.org. "Apdrc.org." Taiwan's Identity Politics. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  6. ↑ Cmab.gov.hk. "Cmab.gov.hk." Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  7. ↑ Chinese version, English version, Statistics on Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals (输入内地人才计划数据资料), Immigration Department (Hong Kong).

External links